???? D. ????

	???? D. ????; ?? ??? ??
	?? ??? ??; ?? ??? ??;
???? D. ???? ?
	?? ??? ??; ?? ??? ??;

???? D. ????; Franklin D. Roosevelt
	; 1944? ??? ????? ?? ??
??? ?32? ??? ;
??	1933? 3? 4?~1945? 4? 12?
???	? ?? ??(1933~1941); ?? A. ???(1941~1945); ?? S. ???(1945. 1.~1945. 4.);
	??: ??? ??(?31?) ??: ?? S. ???(?33?)
	???? ?44? ???
??	1929? 1? 1?~1932? 12? 31?
????	?? H. ??
	??: ? ???(?42?) ??: ?? H. ??(?45?)
	??? ?? ???
??	1913? 3? 17?~1920? 8? 26?
???	??? ??
	??: ?? ???? ??: ?? ???
	???? ????
??	1911? 1? 1?~1913? 3? 17?
	??: ? F. ??? ??: ??? E. ???
	????
??	Franklin Delano Roosevelt
???	1882? 1? 30?
???	?? ??? ?????
???	1945? 4? 12?(63?)
???	?? ???? ? ????
??	???? ??? ?? J.D.
??	???
??	??? ???? 1?; ?? ????
???	??? ????(1905~1945; ??)
??

百度通过移动端的BMW云端互联，全新BMWX3的车主可获得更多互联应用，被称为上帝之眼的远程3D环视影像更是BMW独有。

???? ??? ????(??: Franklin Delano Roosevelt^[a], 1882? 1? 30?~1945? 4? 12?)? ??? ?????, ??? ???? 1933??? 1945? ??? ??? ?32? ??? ???? ????. FDR??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? 3? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ? ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ???, ? ??? ? ?? ????? ?2? ?? ?? ??? ????.

????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????. 1911? ???? ?????? ??????, ?1? ?? ?? ??? 1913???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????. ?? ?? 1920? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? M. ??? ??? ?????, ??? ???? ?? G. ???? ????? ???? ??? ???. 1921?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????. ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? 1929? ???? ????? ??? ??????, ? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????. ?? ?? ?? 1932? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????.

????? ?? ? 100? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????, ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????. ? ??? ?? '?? ??'? ???? ??? ??? ?5? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????, ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????. ?? ????? ??, ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???. ????? ???? ???????, ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ???, ??? ???? ?? 1933??? ??? ??? ????? 1936? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? 1937?? 1938? ??? ?? ??? ???, 1937? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????. ?? 1937?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????. ???? ???? ????? 1940? ?? ??? ???? ???? ? ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???.

1938? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?2? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??, ??? ??? ???, ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????. 1941? 12? 7?, ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???.

1941? 12? 11? ??? ????? ??? ??????, ?? ??? ?? ??? ????. ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????. ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????. ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????. 1944?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????, ?? 1945?? ????. ????? ?? ??, ??? ??? ??, ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???????, ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ? ??? ????.

?? ??? ??

?? ??

1884?, ?? '???'(Breeching)? ?? 2?? ????.

???? ??? ????? 1882? 1? 30? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? 1?? ???? ? ?? ?? ?? ? ??? ???? ????. ?? ???? ????? ???^[3] ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???. ?????? ?? ??? 17??? ???????? ????, ???? ??? ???? ???? ????.^[4] ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? '???'? ?? ????? ???, ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????.^[5] ??????? ???? ? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? "??" ????? ???.^[6]

????? ??? ???? 1851? ??? ???? ?????, ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????.^[6] ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???, ? ? ?????? ?????? "??, ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??. ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?."?? ???.^[7] ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? "? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???"?? ?? ?? ??.^[3]^[8] ????? ???? ? 54??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????, ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??.^[9]

??? ?? ??

1893?, 11?? ????.

1900?, 18?? ????.

??? ? ????? ??, ???, ??? ?? ??? ??, ??, ??? ?? ???.^[10]^[11] 2??? 15??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????. ????? 9? ? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????,^[12] 14??? ??????? ????? ???. ? ? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???.^[13] ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???.^[14] ? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????, ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ? ??? ???.^[15]^[16]

???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????.^[14] ?? ?? ?? ??(??: Alpha Delta Phi),^[17] ??? ??? ????^[18] ?? ?????? ????.^[19] ????? ??, ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????, ??, ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? 《??? ???》 ???? ???? ???.^[20] ??? ?? "???? 4?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ? ? ?? ?? ? ???."? ???.^[21]

????? ??? ???? 1900? ???? ?????? ? ??? ?????.^[22] ? ?? ?, ????? 5???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????, ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????.^[23] 1903? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? 3? ?? ???? ????.^[24] ??? ?? ? 4??? ?? ???? ? ? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????.^[25]

????? 1904? ???? ?????? ????? 1907? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????.^[26]^[b] 1908? ?? ??? ?? ??? '?? ???? & ??(??: Carter Ledyard & Milburn)'?? ??? ??? ?? ???.^[28]

??, ??, ??? ?? ??? ??

??? 2??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???(??: Alice Sohier)?? ????? ?????.^[14] ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? 5? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????.^[29] 1905? ????? ????? ?????, ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? 1905? 3? 17??? ?????.^[14]^[30] ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???, ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????.^[31] ?? ? ??? ?????? ?????, ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ? ?? ?? ?? ??? ? ?? ???. ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????, ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????.^[32] ??? ???? ??? ???, ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????, ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???, ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ? ????.^[33] ?? ???? ????, ?? ??? ???? ????, ???? ? ?? ????? ???. ??? ??? ??? "??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???."? ???.^[34] ????? ??? ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ???. ??, ???, ???? ?? 1906?, 1907?, 1910?? ?????, ??? ?? ??? ????? 1909? ???? ????. ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? 1914? ???? ??? ?? 1916?? ????.^[35]

????? ?? ?? ??? ??. ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? 1914??? ??? ?????, ? ??? 1918? ????? ?????.^[36] ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????, ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???. ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????, ???? ? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????.^[37] ???? ? ????? ?-?(??: Val-Kill)? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???, ??? ??? ?? ???. ?? ???? ? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? 1942? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ? ??? ????.^[38] ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????, ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???. ????? 1944? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???.^[39]

????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???. ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? 1941? ?? ??? ????.^[40]^[41] ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? 20? ?? ?????? ????.^[42] ??? ?? ???? ????? ?2? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? "?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??."? ???. ?? ???? ??? "???? ????"?? ???,^[43] ? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????.^[44]

?? ?? ??(1910~1920)

??? ????(1910~1913)

????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???.^[45] 5???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????, ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? 1910? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????.^[46] ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????, ?? ?? ????? ?????.^[47] ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???. ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??, ? ?? ? ?????? ??? ????.^[48] ???? ?? ???, ????, ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???.^[49] ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ? ??? ???? ?????, ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????.^[46] ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????.^[50] ?? ???? ?????? ??,^[51] ?? ??? ???? ? ???? ???, 1910? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???.^[52]

?? ??? ??? ??? ????, ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???.^[45] 1911? 1? 1? ????? ? ????? ? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? "??" ???? ???. ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? 1911? ?? ???? ????^[c] ????? 18?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????. ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? A. ???? ???? ?? 3?? ???? ????.^[53] ? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???.^[52] ??? ????? "????? ??"? ???? "??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????"? ????.^[54]

?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? 1912? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????.^[55] ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?3? ??? ????? ?? 3? ??? ?????. ?? ???? ?? 5?? ?????? ??? ????? ? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????.^[56] ????? ?? ? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? 1912? ??? ???? ??? ? ????, ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????. ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???.^[57] ? ? ?? ??, ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???.^[58]

?? ???(1913~1919)

1912? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? 1913? 3? ?? ???? ??????, ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???.^[59] ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???, ? ??? ?? ?????, ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????.^[60]^[61] ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????.^[62] ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???.^[63] ?? ?? ??, ?? ????? ??, ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? 7? ?? ?? ??^[64] ????? ? ? ?? ??? ???? ???.^[65]

1914? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????. ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? W. ????? ??? ??? ???? ??.^[66] ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? 1916? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???.^[67] ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????, ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????. ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ? ? ??? ?? ?? ? ???.^[68] ?? ? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???.^[69]

1914? 8? ???? ?1? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????.^[70] ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??(??: Preparedness Movement)? ????.^[71] ?? ???? ?? ???? RMS ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????, ? ? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???.^[72] 1917? 4? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??, ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????.^[73]

????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????. ? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????, ? ?? ??? 4?? ?????.^[74]^[75] 1918? ??, ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???, 9?? USS ?????? ?? ???? ????. 11? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????. ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????.^[76]^[77] 1918? 11? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????.^[78] "??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ? ??"? ??? ??? S. ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????.^[79] ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????. ?? ??? 1920? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????.^[80]

?????? ?? ??(1920)

???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????, ?? ????? 1920? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????. ?????? ??? ??? M. ??? 1920? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ? ??, ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ????.^[81] ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???, ?? ???, ?????, ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????.^[82]^[83] ?? 38??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???.^[84]

???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????.^[85] ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????, ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? "?????"(??: Reservationists)?? ???? ??? ????.^[86] ??? ???? ?? G. ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ? ??? ????.^[87] ????? ??? ?????, ??? ?? 1920? ???? ??? ??? ??? 1932? ?????? ? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???. 1920? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????.^[88] ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? '???? ? ???(??: Fidelity and Deposit Company)'?? ????? ???.^[89]

??? ??? ??? ??(1921~1928)

????? 1922? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????, ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??.^[89] ? ??? 1921? 8? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?????. ? ?? ?? ??? ??, ??? ?? ??, ?? ??, ?? ?? ?? ??, ??? ? ?? ???, ??? ??? ?? ?? ???. ? ? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????. 2003?? ??? ??? ? ??? ??-?? ???? ?????,^[90] ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????.^[91]^[92]^[93]^[94]

????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????, ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????.^[95] ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????, ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ? ???? ??? ???? ???.^[96] ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????. ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????.^[97] ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???, ??? ?? ???? ? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???. ????? ?? ?? ?? ? ? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????.^[98]

1925??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????, ???? ?? ????? '???(??: Larooco)'?? ???.^[99] ?? ?? ??(??: Hydrotherapy)? ??? ?? ?? 1926? ???? ? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? '???? ??(??: Merriweather Inn.)? ????. 1938? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????.^[100]

1920??? ????? ??, ? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????.^[101] ?? 1922? ?? ??? ???? ? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????, ?? ? ????? ? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????.^[102] ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???. ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????, ???? ????? ??? ??? ????.^[103]

????? 1924?? 1928? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???, ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????.^[104] 1924? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????, ?? ?? 1924? ??? ??? ??? ? W. ????? ???, ?? ???? 1924? ???? ?? ?? ???. ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????.^[105]

1925?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??(??: Taconic State Park) ???? ???? ????, ???? ???? ????? ???? ????.^[106] ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???.^[106] ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????. ? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????.^[106] ????? 1928??? ????? ????,^[107] ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????.^[108]

1923? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? 10? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????. ????? ?? ?? ?? ? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????. ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???. ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????.^[109] ????? 1920?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????, 1924?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???. ?? "?? ??" ?? ??? 1919? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????, ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??, ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????. ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ? ??? ?? ?? ???? 1924?? ???? ? ??? 1944-1945?? ???? ??? ?????.^[110]

?? ???(1929~1932)

1928? ???? ??? ??? ???? ? ???? ?????? 1928? ? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????.^[111] ??? ????? ? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????.^[112] ??? ? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ? ??? ????? ????, ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????. ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????, ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???, ???? ???, ??? ?? ?? ????.^[113] ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ? 1% ??? ???? ?????,^[114] ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???.^[115]

????? ?? ??? ??? ???? 1920?? ???? ?? ??? ????.^[116] ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????.^[117] ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????, ? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ? ??? ?? ????.^[118] ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? "????(??: fireside chats)"? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???.^[119]

1929? 10? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????.^[120] ????? ???? ???? ? ?????? ?????, ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???.^[121]

????? 1930? 5? ? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ? 2? ? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? "?? ??? ? ? ??, ? 1???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???, ??? ???? ???? ? ???."?? ????.^[122] ?? ??? ?? ??, ?? ??, ????? ?? ??? ?????,^[123] ?? ?? ??? 14% ??? ???? ???? ? ?? ??? ???.^[124]

????? ??? ?? ??? ? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????. ??? ?? I. ??????, ? ??? ?? ???? ??? ? ??? 1932??? 1938??? ?? ??? 3?? 1 ??? ????.^[125] ?? ????? ??? ??, ??, ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???(??: Seabury Commission)? ??? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??????.^[126] 1931? ????? ?? ???(??: Hewitt Amendment)? ?? ????? ?????, ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????.^[127]

1932? ??? ??

1932? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? "?? ???(??: Brain trust)"? ????.^[128] ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????, ???? ?? ?? "?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????"?? ???.^[129]

??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??, ?? 1932? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???.^[129] ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??????. ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????, ???? ???? ? ?? ??? 1928? ???? ??? ?? ? ??? ?? ???.^[129]

????? 1932? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????. ? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??, 3?? 2 ??? ?? ????? ? ???? 2?? ???. ? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????. ?? ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????, ? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????.^[129] ????? ? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????, ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???.^[130] ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????, ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????.^[129]

?? ?? ?? ???? ????? "?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????... ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????."?? ????.^[131] ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??, ?? ??, ?? ??, ?? ?? ?? ??? ? ?? ?? ???? ????.^[132] ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????, ?? ????? ?? ??? ? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????, ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ????.^[133] ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?????. ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???.^[129]

?? ?? ????? ?? W. ???, ??? ??, ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???.^[134] ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????.^[135] ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????, ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????.^[136]

????? ??? ???? 57%? ???? 6? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????. ?????? ?????? 1932~1936?? ??? ???? ????. ????? ??? ?? ??, ??? ??, ?? ??, ??? ??, ??? ?? ??, ?? ??, ?? ?? ???^[d], ???, ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?????.^[137] ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? "?? ?? ??" ?? "?5? ???"?? ???.^[138] ?? ???? 1929??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? 17?? ??? ???? ? 4??? ????. ??? ???? ?? 1932??? 1979??? ???? 12?? ??? ?? ? 8?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???.^[139]

?? ??? ?? ??

????? 1932? 11? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ? ??? 3?? ??? ????.^[e] ?? ?, ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????.^[140] ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????, ??? ?? ???? ? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????.^[141]

?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????, ??? ??? ?????? ????. ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???.^[129] ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? H. ??? ??? ???? ??????, ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???. ???? ????? ??? L. ???? ?? A. ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????.^[142]

1933? 2?, ????? "?? ????? ?? ??"? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???. ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?, ? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???. ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???.^[143]^[144]

???(1933~1945)

?????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????. ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???. ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????.

???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???, ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????. ??? ???, ???? ???, ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ???... ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??, ???, ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????... ?? ???? ? ?? ??, ? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???????, ??? ?????, ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????... ??? ?? ??, ??, ???, ??, ??, ??, ??, ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????...^[145]

1?? 2? ??(1933~1941)

? ?? ? ????(Nothing to Fear)

???? ????? ???? ??.

? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????.

1933? 3? 4? ????? ????? ???? ?, ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???. ??? ???? ?? 4?? 1? ???? ?? ?????, ??? ??? 60% ???? ???? ? ???? ???. ?? ???? 1929? ?? ?? ?? ?????, 200? ?? ?????. 3? 4? ???? 48?? ? ? 32?? ?? ??? ????.^[146]

????? ????? ??? ?? "??, ??, ??"?? ????. ??????? "??"? ??? ?????, ??? ??? ???? ???? "??"? ??? ?? ???? "??"? ????. ????? 30?? "????"? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????.^[147] ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????.^[148]

1? ?? ??(1933~1934)

????? ??? 3? 4?? ?? ? 4? ?? "?? ???"? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????.^[149] ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? 3? 9? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????.^[149] ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ????.^[150] ?73? ?? ??? ???? ?? "? 100?" ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ? ?? ??? ????.^[151]^[152] 3? 15? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ? ??? 15% ???? ? ????? 10? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??.^[149] 3? 22? ????? ??-??? ?? ???? ???? ????.^[153]

????? ??? ?? ??.

????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????. ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????,^[154] ?????(PWA)? ??? ?? ??? L. ???? ???? ?, ??, ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????,^[154] ?????(REA)? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????.^[149] ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? 25? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???(CCC)????, ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????. ??? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????, ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????.^[155] ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????, ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???. ?? ?? ?? ????? "??? ????"? ????.^[149]

?? ??? 1933? ???????(NIRA)? ????. ? ??? ???? ?? ??, ?? ?? ??, ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????, ?? ?? ??? ????? ? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? NIRA? ????? ????. 1935? 5? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?????, ????? ?? ????.^[156] ?? ????? ???-????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ?????, ?? ? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????.^[157] 1934?, ?? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?????, ?? ??? ?? ???????? ?????.^[158]

???????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? 33? ??^[f]? ???? ???.^[159] ????? ?? W. ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??(TVA)? ?????, TVA? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??, ?? ??? ?????. ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? TVA? ????? ??.^[149] TVA? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? "?? ??? ???"?? ??? ???.^[149] ???? 6102?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????, ??? ??? 20???? 35??? ????? ?????, ? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????.^[160]

????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??. ? ?? ???? 1932? 7? 5200? ???? ?? ??? 1934? 5? 3100? ??? ???? ???? ??? 40% ??? ?? ?????. 50? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????. ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????. ?? ? ??? ?????? ???? ????, ?? ???? ??? 1934??? ?????? ??? ????.^[161] ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? 1936? 1? ??? ?? ???? ???? 1945? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????.^[162] ? ???? ?????? 2%? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ? ?? ??? ????.^[163]

2? ?? ??(1935~1936)

????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? 1934? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????, ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????. ??? ??? ??? ?74? ?? ???? ????? ? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????.^[164] ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??, ???, ?????? ??? ??? ????. ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? "??? ?????? ??? ????? ? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ? ?? ??, ???, ??? ??? ???? ??? ???. ???? ?? ??? ?? ?, ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ? ?? ???."? ???.^[165] 1935?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ??????. ??? ????? ???? ??, ???? ????, ??? ???? ???, ????? ??? ??? ???? ???.^[166] ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????, ? ?? ???? ? 40%? ???? ??, ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????.^[167]

????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????(PWA)? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????. ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ? ?? ???????(WPA)? ????. ?? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ? ??? 300? ? ??? ?????, ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????. ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????.^[168]

???????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ? ? ?? ??? ????. ?? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????????? ????. ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????, ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????.^[169] ? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????.^[170] ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?, ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????, ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????.^[171]

1933?? 1? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????, 2? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????. ? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????.^[172] ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????, ?? ???? ???? ??, ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? 1936? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????.^[172] ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????, ??? ?? 1936?, 1940?, 1944? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???.^[173]

??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ? ?? ???? ????, "?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????, ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????"? ????.^[174] ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????, "??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???, ?? ? ??? ???? ?? ? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????. ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????. ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??. ????? ??? ??."?? ??.^[175]

1936? ??? ??

1932? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ???? 1936??? 800? ?? ????? ?? ????. 1936??? ????? ?????????(NLRB)? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???.^[129] ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???, ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???.^[176] ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??, ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????.^[177]

??? ?3?? ????? ??? ????? ???? 1935? ?? ?? ?????? ???. ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????.^[178] ????? 1936? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???????, ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? 3?? 2? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????.^[g]

?? ??? ?3? ??? ??? ? ???? ????? 60.8%? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????.^[180] 1936? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????.^[h] ???? ???? ??? ???? ? ??? ?? ??? 4?? 3 ??? ????. ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????, ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ? ??? ????, ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????, ????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ? ?? ???.^[181] ????? ??? ???, ? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????, ??? ???? ??? ????? ? ?? ???. ?? ???? ?? 86%, ??? ??? ?? 81%, ?????? ?? 80%, ???? ?? 76%, ?? ???? 76%, ?? ??? ?? 75%? ???. ????? 10? ? ??? ?? 106? ? 102?? ????.^[182]

??? ??? ?? ??

???? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?, ???? ????? ? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???. ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????.^[183] ????? 70? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? 1937? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????. ?? ????? 70? ??? ??? 6?? ???, ??? ??? ?? ? 6? ?????, ???? ???? ? ?? ?? 1869? ???? ??? ?? 9??? ??? ???.^[184] ????? ? "?? ??" ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???.^[185] ????? ???? ? ?? ?? ? ??? ????, ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ??? ????? ????. ??? ??? ???? 1937? 7? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????.^[186]

1937? ??? ??? ?? ??? ? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????, ????? ?? "9?? ??? ??? ??"?? ????.^[149] ?? ? ????? ???? ???? ??? ? ??? 1941??? 9?? ??? ? 7?? ????.^[i]^[187] ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???.^[188] ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????, ??? H. ??, ?? ??, ??? O. ????? ????, ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ? ???? ????.^[189]^[190]

1937? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????, ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????.^[191] ???? ???? ????? ? ?? ?????? 1937? ???, 1938? ???????(FLSA)? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ? ?? ?? ?????. ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? 40?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ? ?? ????.^[192] ?? ?? 1939? ?????? ?????? ?? "?? ???? ??"? ??? ?? ????? ????.^[193] 1937? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????(FBI)? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????.^[j] ??? ?? ??? ?? ? ?? ?? ???? 50? ??^[k]? ????, ?? ?? ?? 1938??? ???????? ?? ?? 330? ?? ??? ???? ?????. ???????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????, ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ? ?? ?? ??, ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????. ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???, ?? ??, ?? ?? ?? ?? ?????, ???? ?? ?? ????? ????. ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???.^[194]

???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? 1938? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????, ??? ????? ?? ???? 10?? ?? ? 1??? ????.^[149] 1938? ?????? ???? ?? 6?? ?? 71?? ???, ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?????. 1939? ??? ?????? ?, ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ????.^[195] ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????, ?? ??? ??? ? ???? ?2? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????.^[196]

?? ??

????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???. ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????, ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????.^[5]^[197] ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?, ???????? ?? ???(CCC)? ? ??? ??????, ? CCC? 1? ? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????.^[198] ?????? ????? ????, ????? ??, ?? ??, ??? ????? ?????,^[199] ????? ??? ??? 1900?? ? ?? 300? ?? ????? 1939? ?? 1550? ??? ?? ????.^[200] ?? ???? 340? ?? ???? ?? 13,000 ?? (21,000 ????)? ???? ??? 20? ??? ??? ???? 125,000 ?? (201,000 ????)? ?????? ?????. ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????.^[201]^[202]^[203]

?? ???? ???

??? ??^[l]
??	??? ???	??? ??
1929	3.2	3.2
1932	23.6	22.9
1933	24.9	20.6
1934	21.7	16.0
1935	20.1	14.2
1936	16.9	9.9
1937	14.3	9.1
1938	19.0	12.5
1939	17.2	11.3
1940	14.6	9.5

?? ??? 1932? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???(GNP) ?? 8.0%?? ???? ??? 10.2%? ????. GNP ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? 16%?? ???? ??? 1933? 40%? ? ?? ?? ?????, ? ?? ???? 1941? ???? 40%?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????.^[205] 1936?? GNP? 1932?? ?? 32% ?????, ?? ??? 1940??? 58% ? ???. ?, 1932??? 1940??? ??? 58% ?????, ?? 5? ?? 1940??? 1945??? 56% ????.^[205] ????? ? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????. 1938? ???? ????? 1938? ???? ???? ????. ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? 1831? ?? ?????, ??? ?? ??? 5.3% ????.^[206]^[207]

?? ??(1933~1941)

????? ? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????. 1823? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ???? 1898? ??-??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ????. ????? ?? ? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???, 1932? 12? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????.^[208] ?? ?? ??? 1920?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????,^[209] ?? ?1? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????, ? ?? ?? ???? ???, "? ??? ? ??? ??? ???."^[210]

1919~1920?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????. ????? ????? ???? ????, ?? ?? ? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????. ???? ??? 1930?? ???? ???? "??? ??"? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????.^[211] ??? ????? ??? 1930?? ???? ??? ?????, ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?????.^[212] ?? ????? 1930?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????.^[213] ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??, ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????.^[214] 1939? ? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????.^[215] 1937? ??? ?? ?? ??, ?? ???? USS ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????^[216] ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????.^[217]

1939? 6? 9? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? USS ???? ?? ??? D. C.?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? 6?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??.

1938? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???.^[219] ????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??.^[220] ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ?? ?? ? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????.^[221] ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????.^[222]

1939? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?2? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????.^[223] ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????, ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???.^[224] ?? ?? 1939? 9??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????, ??? ?? ? 1700?? ??? ??? ? ?????.^[225] ????? 1940? 5? ??? ? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???.^[226]

1940? 6? ???? ??? ?? ???? ? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????.^[227] 1940? 7? ????? 2?? ???? ??? ??? ?? L. ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????. ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????, ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????.^[228] 1940? 7? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????, ???? ??? ???? ?????? 9? ?????. ??? ??? 1939? 18? 9? ??? 1941? ?? 140? ??? ?? ????.^[229] 1940? 9?, ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? 50?? ??? ???? ???-?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????.^[230]

1940? ??? ??

1940? 7? ?? ??? ????? ??? ? ? ??? ????? ?? ?? 3?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???. ???? ???? ?? ????,^[m] ?? ???? 2? ??? 1796? ?? ???? 3? ??? ????? ?????. ????? ??? ??? ?????, ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ???? ????? ??. ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ? ??? ??? ? ??? ? ??? ???? ???.^[129]^[231] 1940? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????, ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ? ??? ???.^[232]

1940? 7? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????.^[233] ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? A. ???? ????? ????.^[234] ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? "????"? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???. ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????, ???? ?? ?? ??? B. ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???.^[233]

??? ??? 8? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????, ????? 9?? ???-?? ?? ?? ??? ?????.^[235] ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????.^[236] ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????.^[236] ?? ? ? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????.^[129] ????? 1940? ???? ??? 55%, 48?? ? ? 38? ?, ?? 85%? ??? ????? ??? ????.^[237]

3?? 4? ??(1941~1945)

?2? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????, ? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ? ?? ??? ????. ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??, ??, ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????, ??????, ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????. ????? ??, ??, ?? ? ?? ??, ??, ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??, ??? ??? ??? ????. ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???, ???? ?? ??, ???? ?? ??? ??????, ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? L. ???, ?? ???? ?? ??, ?? ??? D. ???? ?? ??? ?????.^[238]^[239]^[240]

?? ??

???? (? ?? ??) (1941? 1? 6?)

1941? 1? 6? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ? ?? ???? ??? ????. (32:02?? ??)

? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????.

1940?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ???? ?? "????? ???"? ?? ?? ???? ??????.^[241] 1941? 1? "? ?? ??"?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ? ?? ??? ????. ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????,^[242] ?1? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???.^[243] ????? ??, ??, ????? ?? ? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????.^[244] 1941? 6? ??? ??? ???? ?, ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????, ?? ????? "??? ??? ?? ??"?? ???? ???? ?? ????.^[245] 1941? 7??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????.^[246]^[247]

1941? 8? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????, ?? ?? ?? ? ????^[248] ??? ????? 10? ? ?? ???.^[249] ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???. 9? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???(??: Greer)? ??? ???, ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????. ??? "??? ?? ??" ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????, ????? 3?? 2? ??, ???? ????.^[250]

??? ??? ?? ??

1941? 12? 8? ??? ????(??)? 12? 11? ??? ????(???)? ???? ????? ??.

??? ??? ?? ??, ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????, ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????. ???? ??? 1931? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??????, ????? ?? ???? ??? ????.^[251] ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???, ???? ?????, ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????.^[252] ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? 1? ??^[n] ??? ??? ????, ??? ??, ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????, ? ??? ? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ? ??? ?????, ? ??? ????? ???? ???.^[253] ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????. 1941? 7? ??? ???? ?????? ????, ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ? 95% ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????.^[254] ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??.^[255]

????? ??? ??.

?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ? ??. (3.1 MB, ogg/Vorbis ??).

"??? ? ??"

"??? ?" ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??. (168 KB, ogg/Vorbis ??).

? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????.

??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ? ??? ????? ????. ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????.^[o] ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????.^[257] ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????.^[258] 1941? 12? 7? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? 2,403?? ??? ???? ????, ??? ????? ??, ??? ??, ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????. ????? ???? "??? ? ??"? ??? ???? ??? ????? "?? 1941? 12? 7?, ??? ?? ??? ? ??, ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????"?? ???. ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????.^[259] ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????. 1941? 12? 11?, ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????.^[p]^[260]

???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???.^[261] ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??? 2023? ? ???? ?? 《?? ?? ???》(??: The Eagle in the Mirror)?? ??? ?????. ? ???? ??????? ??? M16 ?? ??? ??? J. ???? ?????(OSS)? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????.

? ???? ??? "[?????] ???? ??? ??? ?? ? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ? ??? ????? ????. ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ? ? ??."?? ????.^[262]

???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??. ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???.^[263] ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????.^[264]

?? ??

1941? 12? ?, ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????, ? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????. ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????.^[265] ?? ??? ??? ??, ??, ????, ????????? ??? ? ABDA?? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????,^[266] 1942? 1? 1?, ??? ? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????, ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????.^[267]

1942? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????. ?????? ???? ? ??? ??? ???? ????, ?? C. ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????, ????? ??? ?? A. ??? ??? ????.^[268] ?????? ??? D. ??? ??? ????,^[269] ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???.^[270] ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????, ??? ???? ?? ???. ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????.^[271]

??? ????

1939? 8?, ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????-???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????. ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????.^[272] ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????.^[q] ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????, ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????. ????? ??? ? ????? ???? ????? ????, ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????.^[274]

?? ??? ??

??? ??? ??? ???, ????, ??? ??.

????? ???? ? ? ?? 1945? 2? ?? ??? ??? ??, ????, ???? ??.

????? ?2? ?? ?? ?? ???? 4? ??? ??, ??, ??, ????? ???? ?? "4?? ???"??? ??? ????. "? 3 ???"?? ?? ????, ??? ??, ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????, ??? ?? ???, ???, ???, ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????. ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??. ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??, ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????.^[275] 1942? 5??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????.^[276] ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? 1943??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????.^[277]

1945? 2? ?? ?? ?? ????????? USS ??? ??? ??? ???? 1?(??) ??? ?? ??? 1?(??)? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??.

1943? 11? ????, ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????, ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???.^[278] ??? ??? 1944? ??? ?? ?2? ??? ????, ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????. ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??(UN)? ??????? ?? ????.^[279] ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????, ?? ??? ???, ????, ??, ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????.^[280]

????, ??, ???? 1945? 2? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ? ??? ???. ???? ??? ??? ??, ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????, ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? 100? ? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????. ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????. ?? ???? 3?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????. ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????, ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????. ?? ??? ???? ??, ??, ???, ??, ??? ???? ?????,^[281] ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???.^[282] ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??. ?? ???? ??, ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????, ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?, ????? ??? ???? ?? ? ? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????.^[283]^[284]

??? ??

1942? 11? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????.^[285] 1943? 1? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??, ????? ???? 1944? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????, ?? ????? ??, ????, ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????.^[286] 1943? 2? ???? ?????? ???? ? ??? ?????, ?? ???? 25? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????.^[287] ? ? 1943? 7? ???? ????? ???? ? ?? ??? ? ??? ????.^[288] 1943? 9? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????.^[288] ???? ???? ??? 1943?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? 1945??? ?????.^[289]

????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? D. ????? ??? ????.^[290] ?????? 1944? 6? 6? ???? ??? ??????, ? ???? 1? 2?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ? ???? ????.^[270] ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????, 1944? 7? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????. ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? 1944? 10? ?? ??? ????? ????.^[291] ? ? ???? ? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????, 1945? 4??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????.^[292]

??? ??? ? ? ? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??, ????? ???? ?????, ???? ??? 1942? 6? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??. ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????. ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???.^[293] ????? ??? ?? ? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????. ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??, 1945? 4??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????.^[294]

?? ??? ?? ??

1944? 1? 11? ??? ?????? ???, ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????.

?? ??? ? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????, ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ????? ??????, ?? 1940? ??? 770? ??? 1941? ?? 340? ?, 1942? ?? 150? ?^[r]?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ? ? ??. ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???, ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?2? ???? ???????, ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????. ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? 1941? ????? 10? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? 99.5%? ????? ??? ?? ?????, ? ??? ????? ?? 2? 5? ?? ??? ??? ?? 100% ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????.^[296] 1942? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? 94%? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????.^[297] 1944? ????? ??? ?? ??? "????" ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? 100? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????. ??? ????? ???? ???? 20? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????.^[298]

1942? ??? ???? ???? ?????, ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???.^[299] ?? ??? ??? ?? 1944??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???.^[300]^[301] ???? ????, 1941??? 1945??? ??? ?? 240? ?, ?? ??? 30? ?, ?? 88400?, ?? 400? ?? ??? ?? ?????, 1944? ??? ??, ??, ??, ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ? ?? ????.^[302] ???? ?????? ??, ??, ??? ?? ??? ??? ???. ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ?? H. ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????, ??? ? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????. ?? ????? ? ??? ?????? ??? ????. 1943? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????, ?? "???? ???"?? ??? ??? F. ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ????.^[288]

????? 1944? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????,^[303] ?? ?? ????? "??? ??", "?? ??", "??? ?", "???? ??? ??? ?? ??"? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???.^[304] ? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? G.I. ? ?????. ???? ????, ??, ?? ??, ?? ??, ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????, G.I. ? ??? ????? ????? ?????? 1944? 6? ????? ?????. ?2? ?? ??? ??? 1500? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? G.I. ? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???.^[305]

?? ??

??? ? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????^[306]^[307] ??? 1940??? ??? ?? ?? ?????. 62? ?? ??? 1944? 3?, ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????, ???? ????? ?? ???, ?????, ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????.^[308]^[309]^[310]

?? ??? ? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????. ?? ???? ?? T. ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? 2??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????. 1944? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ? ????? "???? ??? ?????. ???? ???? ?? ????"?? ???.^[311] ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ? ??? ??? 1945? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???.^[312]

1944? ??? ??

?? ?????? 1940? ????? ???? ?????, ?? 1944? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???. ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? F. ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????. ??? ? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????, ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ? ? ??? ???. ????? ??? F. ??? ???? ???? ?????, ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? S. ???? ????? ????. ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????.^[313]

?????? ?? ? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? E. ??? ??? ??? ????. ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????. ?? ??? "??? ??" ???? ??? ?????, ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????.^[129] ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ? ? ??? ????? 1944? ??? ?? ???. ??? 1944? 9? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????, ??? ??? ???? ??? "??? ?? ??? ????"? ????.^[129] ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????. ?? ??? ????? ???? 1944? ???? ?? ??? 53.4%, ???? 531? ? 432?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ? W. ???? ???? ????.^[314] ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????.^[315]

??? ? ?? ??

????? ???? ?? ?? 1945? 4? 11?? ??? ??? ??.

1945? 4? 14? ??? D. C.?? 30? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??.

????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???. ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????.^[316] 1945? 3? ?? ????? ???, ??, ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???. ?? ???? ??? ? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? "?? ??? ???? ?????? ? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ?? ? ??"? ????.^[317] 1945? 3? 29?, ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ? ??? ??? ?? ???? ? ????? ??.

1945? 4? 12? ?? ???? ? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????, ????? ??? ??? ???.^[318]^[319] ? ? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????. ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????.^[320] ?? 1945? 4? 12? ?? 3? 35?, ????? 63?? ??? ????.^[321]

??? ??, ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? D. C.? ???? ??? ??? ???.^[322] ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ? ?? ?????. 4? 14? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?????. 4? 15? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???.^[323]

????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????, ?? ??? ??? ?? ? ??? ??? ??? ???.^[324] ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? 30? ?? ?????, ????? ?? ?? ???? ? ?? S. ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????, ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???.^[325] ?? ?2? ?? ??? 9? ??? ?? ???? ???.^[326]

??, ??, ??, ??? ???

????? ?? ????? ???, ?????, ??????? ???? ?????, ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ? ????.^[327] ?? ? ???? 1939??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????, ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ? ???? ???. ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????, 1934? ?? ??? 50% ????.^[328] ??? ????? ? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????, ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????. ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ?2? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????.^[329] ????? ?? ? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????, ??? ??????? ??? ???.^[330] ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????, ??? ????? ???????? "1930?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????, ?? ?????? ??, ?? ???? ??? ? ???"? ???.^[331]

??? ??

?? G. ???? ?? ??? ???? ??, ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??(NAACP)? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???. ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????, 1940??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????.^[332]

????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ? ? ?? ????? ???? ???. ??? ? 100?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????, ??? ??? ?? "?? ??"??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? "??"?? ?? ???.^[333]

??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ? ? ??? ? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????.^[334] 1941? ????? ???? 8802?? ?? ???? ?? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????????(FEPC)? ?????. ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ? ??? ??. ??? ???? ?? ?2? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????.^[335] ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? 1930??? 1940??? ???? ??? ?? ? ????, ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???.^[333]

??? ???

??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????, ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ? ????. 1942? 2? 19? ????? ???? 9066?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? 11? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????.^[149] ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????.

????? ??? ?? ??? ?? L. ??? ??? ???? ????, ???? ??? ?? ? J. ????? ??? ????. 1944? ?????? ???? ? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????.^[336] ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ???, ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????. ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???.^[337]^[338]

???

???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??. ?? M. ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? "?? ? ? ?? ?? ??"?? ?????, ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? "?? ?????" ?? ??? ?? ? ??? ?? ? ???? ????.^[339] 1923?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???.^[340] 1938? ??? ? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ? ??? ????.^[341] ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? 19? ?? ??? ????? ?? ? ????, ?? ???? 25% ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????.^[340]

1942? 1??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????, ? ?? ? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???. ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????. 1943?? ????? ?? ?? ????? "????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??" ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???.^[340] ?? ?, ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ? ????? ???? ???? ???, ????? ??? 180? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ????.^[342]^[343] ??? ????? ????? ?? "???? ?? ? ? ?? ???? ???"?? ????.^[344] 1944? 1?, ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ?????, ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???. ?? ? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????, ?? ???? ??? ?? ? ??? ?????. ????? ?? ?? ? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???.^[345]

??

??? ??

????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ? ? ??? ?? ??? ???,^[346] 20??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ? ? ????.^[347] ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? 3??? ?? ???, ????? ??, ??? ???? ????? ????? ???.^[348]^[349]^[350]^[351] ???? ? ???? ???? 2007? "???? ?2? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????" ????? ?? ??? ?? "?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????"? ???.^[352]

??? ?? ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???, ????, ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????.^[353] ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????, ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ? ??? ??? ???.^[354] ????? ?2? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????, ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????.^[355] ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????.^[356]

???, ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ? ?? ????? "40? ?? ??? ??? ??"?? ????.^[304] ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????. ???, ? ???, ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????. ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? 1960? "???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????"?? ??? "???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ? ??? ??? ???"? ????.^[357] ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????, ????? ???? ??? ???.^[358]^[359]

??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???, ? ? ??? ????. ?? ???? ???? ???? ?2? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??, ??, ?? ???? ??? ?? 3?? ???? 2?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????,^[360] ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? '????' ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??.^[361] ????? ???? ?? ? ?, ?? ?? ??? ??? ??,^[362] ??? ??? ??? ??,^[363] ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???.^[364]

????? ?? ??, ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???. ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ? ?? ??????, ??? ????? ? ? ?? ??? 1980? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????.^[365]^[366]

??

?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??. ??? D. C.?? ????? ???? 2?? ??. ? ??? 3??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???,^[367] ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? 1965? ????.^[368] ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???^[369] ??? ?? ???? ??? ????.^[370] ????? ???? 17? ?? 1945? 4? 29?, USS ???? D. ???? ????? ???? 1945??? 1977??? ????.^[371] ??? ?????? ???? 1948? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???,^[372] ????? 1973? 9? "?????"??? ???? ??? ?????.^[373]

1948? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??.
1997? ??? D. C.?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? "? ?? ??"? ??.
1941? ?? ???? D. ???? ??? ??? ? ??? ??? ??.

??

???

↑ ?? ??: /?f???kl?n ?d?l?no? ?ro?z?v?lt, -v?lt/^[1],^[2]
↑ 2008? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????.^[27]
↑ 1913? ?? ?? ?? ?17?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????.
↑ ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???.
↑ ????? 3? 4?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???. ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?20?? ?? ???? 1? 20?? ?????.
↑ ? ??? 2023? ?????? ???? 776? 7?? ??? ??? ????.
↑ ????? ?? ?? ? ???? ???? "??? 3?? 2? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????... ???? ???. ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? FDR? 1940?? ???? ? ???? ??? ??? ??."? ???.^[179]
↑ ? ??? 1964?? ?? B. ??? ??? ???? 61.1%? ???? ???? ???.
↑ ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? F. ??? ?? ??????? ????, ????? ?? F. ??? 1941?? ?????? ????.
↑ ??? FBI? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???.
↑ ??? 50? ??? 2023? 1059? 7?? ??? ???? ????.
↑ ? ?? 2?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????. ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??, ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????.^[204]
↑ ?? 1951?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?22?? ?? ? ??? 2? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????.
↑ 2023?? 22? ??? ????.
↑ ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????.^[256]
↑ ?? ??? ???? ??? ????, ???, ?????? ??? ??? ?????.
↑ ??? 1942?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????, ??? 1943? ?? ????? ????.^[273]
↑ ? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????.^[295]

???

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↑ Conrad Black, 《Franklin Delano Roosevelt: champion of freedom》 (Hachette UK, 2012) 160?.
↑ Selig Adler, 《The isolationist impulse: its 20th-century reaction》 (1957) 200–201?.
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↑ Allen, Oliver E. (1993). 《The Tiger: The Rise and Fall of Tammany Hall》. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. 233–50?. ISBN 978-0-201-62463-2.
↑ “History Of State Forest Program”. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. 2021? 6? 28?? ???.
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↑ ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? Leuchtenburg, William E. (2016? 10? 4?). “FDR: Campaigns and Elections”. Univ. of Virginia Miller Center of Public Affairs. 2022? 1? 28?? ???.
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↑ Burns 1956, 157, 167–68?.
↑ Tobin 2013, 4–7?.
↑ ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? Leuchtenburg, William E. (2016? 10? 4?). “FDR: Domestic Affairs”. Univ. of Virginia Miller Center of Public Affairs. 2022? 1? 29?? ???.
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↑ Social Security History. Ssa.gov. Retrieved July 14, 2013.
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↑ Mary E. Stuckey (2015). 《Voting Deliberatively: FDR and the 1936 Presidential Campaign》. Penn State UP. 19?. ISBN 978-0-271-07192-3.
↑ Kalman, Laura (October 2005). “The Constitution, the Supreme Court, and the New Deal”. 《The American Historical Review》 110 (4): 1052–80. doi:10.1086/ahr.110.4.1052.
↑ Smith 2007, 379–82?.
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↑ Smith 2007, 384–89?.
↑ Leuchtenburg, William E. (May 2005). “When Franklin Roosevelt Clashed with the Supreme Court – and Lost”. 《Smithsonian Magazine》. 2016? 3? 1?? ???.
↑ Leuchtenburg, E. (1996). The Supreme Court Reborn: The Constitutional Revolution in the Age of Roosevelt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-511131-1
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↑ Belknap, Michal (2004). 《The Vinson Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy》. ABC-CLIO. 162–63?. ISBN 978-1-57607-201-1. 2016? 3? 3?? ???.
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↑ Leuchtenburg 1963, 262–63, 271–73?.
↑ Smith 2007, 440–41?.
↑ See also Edgar B. Nixon, ed. Franklin D. Roosevelt and Conservation, 1911-1945 (2 vol. 1957); vol 1 online; also see vol 2 online
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↑ Anna L. Riesch Owen, Conservation Under FDR (Praeger, 1983).
↑ Margo, Robert A. (Spring 1993). “Employment and Unemployment in the 1930s”. 《Journal of Economic Perspectives》 7 (2): 42–43. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.627.1613. doi:10.1257/jep.7.2.41. S2CID 26369842.
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↑ Burns 1956, 255?.
↑ Smith 2007, 417–18?.
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↑ Bernard F. Donahoe, 《Private Plans and Public Dangers: The Story of FDR's Third Nomination》 (University of Notre Dame Press, 1965).
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↑ Winston Groom, The Allies: Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin, and the Unlikely Alliance That Won World War II (2018)
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↑ Media Sound & Culture in Latin America. Editors: Bronfman, Alejanda & Wood, Andrew Grant. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, PA, 2012,ISBN 978-0-8229-6187-1 pp. 41–54
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↑ “Medical Research Pays Off for All Americans”. 《NIH Medline Plus》. National Institutes of Health. Summer 2007. 2014? 7? 25?? ???.
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?? ??

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?? ??? ??	1933? 3? 4?~1945? 4? 12?	?? ?? S. ???
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[3] ?? ??: /?f???kl?n ?d?l?no? ?ro?z?v?lt, -v?lt/^[1],^[2]

[29] 2008? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????.^[27]

[55] 1913? ?? ?? ?? ?17?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????.

[140] ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???.

[144] ????? 3? 4?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???. ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?20?? ?? ???? 1? 20?? ?????.

[164] ? ??? 2023? ?????? ???? 776? 7?? ??? ??? ????.

[186] ????? ?? ?? ? ???? ???? "??? 3?? 2? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????... ???? ???. ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? FDR? 1940?? ???? ? ???? ??? ??? ??."? ???.^[179]

[188] ? ??? 1964?? ?? B. ??? ??? ???? 61.1%? ???? ???? ???.

[195] ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? F. ??? ?? ??????? ????, ????? ?? F. ??? 1941?? ?????? ????.

[203] ??? FBI? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???.

[204] ??? 50? ??? 2023? 1059? 7?? ??? ???? ????.

[216] ? ?? 2?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????. ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??, ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????.^[204]

[243] ?? 1951?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?22?? ?? ? ??? 2? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????.

[266] 2023?? 22? ??? ????.

[271] ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????.^[256]

[275] ?? ??? ???? ??? ????, ???, ?????? ??? ??? ?????.

[290] ??? 1942?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????, ??? 1943? ?? ????? ????.^[273]

[313] ? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????.^[295]

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[FOOTNOTEBrands200957–60-56] Brands 2009, 57–60?.

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[FOOTNOTEDallek201759–61-74] Dallek 2017, 59–61?.

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[FOOTNOTEDallek201762–63-76] Dallek 2017, 62–63?.

[FOOTNOTEDallek201765–66-77] Dallek 2017, 65–66?.

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[FOOTNOTEDallek201767–68-79] Dallek 2017, 67–68?.

[FOOTNOTEGoldmanGoldman201715-80] Goldman & Goldman 2017, 15?.

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[96] Rose, David M. (2016). 《Friends and Partners: The Legacy of Franklin D. Roosevelt and Basil O'Connor in the History of Polio》. 179?.

[97] Wooten, Heather Green (2009). 《The Polio Years in Texas》. 192?.

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[FOOTNOTESmith2007213–14-102] Smith 2007, 213–14?.

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[FOOTNOTESmith2007255–56-104] Smith 2007, 255–56?.

[FOOTNOTEDallek201787–88-105] Dallek 2017, 87–88?.

[FOOTNOTEDallek201787–96-106] Dallek 2017, 87–96?.

[FOOTNOTEMorgan1985267,_269–72,_286–87-107] Morgan 1985, 267, 269–72, 286–87?.

[FOOTNOTEBlack2005160–67-108] Black 2005, 160–67?.

[FOOTNOTECaro1974289–91-109] ? ^? ^? Caro 1974, 289–91?.

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[112] Conrad Black, 《Franklin Delano Roosevelt: champion of freedom》 (Hachette UK, 2012) 160?.

[113] Selig Adler, 《The isolationist impulse: its 20th-century reaction》 (1957) 200–201?.

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[FOOTNOTEDallek201796–98-115] Dallek 2017, 96–98?.

[FOOTNOTESmith2007225–28-116] Smith 2007, 225–28?.

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[FOOTNOTESmith2007237–38-119] Smith 2007, 237–38?.

[FOOTNOTESmith2007230–33-120] Smith 2007, 230–33?.

[FOOTNOTESmith2007235–37-121] Smith 2007, 235–37?.

[FOOTNOTESmith2007238–39-122] Smith 2007, 238–39?.

[FOOTNOTESmith2007240–41-123] Smith 2007, 240–41?.

[FOOTNOTESmith2007242–43-124] Smith 2007, 242–43?.

[FOOTNOTEBurns1956119–20-125] Burns 1956, 119–20?.

[FOOTNOTESmith2007243–44-126] Smith 2007, 243–44?.

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[FOOTNOTESmith2007250–52-128] Smith 2007, 250–52?.

[129] Allen, Oliver E. (1993). 《The Tiger: The Rise and Fall of Tammany Hall》. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. 233–50?. ISBN 978-0-201-62463-2.

[130] “History Of State Forest Program”. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. 2021? 6? 28?? ???.

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[FDR_Campaigns-132] ? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? Leuchtenburg, William E. (2016? 10? 4?). “FDR: Campaigns and Elections”. Univ. of Virginia Miller Center of Public Affairs. 2022? 1? 28?? ???.

[FOOTNOTEBrands2009232–36,_246–51-133] Brands 2009, 232–36, 246–51?.

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[FOOTNOTESmith2007276–77-135] Smith 2007, 276–77?.

[FOOTNOTESmith2007266–67-136] Smith 2007, 266–67?.

[FOOTNOTESmith2007278-137] Smith 2007, 278?.

[FOOTNOTESmith2007279-138] Smith 2007, 279?.

[FOOTNOTESmith2007282–84-139] Smith 2007, 282–84?.

[FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg1963183–96-141] Leuchtenburg 1963, 183–96?.

[FOOTNOTESternsher1975127–49-142] Sternsher 1975, 127–49?.

[FOOTNOTECampbell2006127–49-143] Campbell 2006, 127–49?.

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[FOOTNOTEBurns1956146-146] Burns 1956, 146?.

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[149] Davidson, Amy (2012? 5? 5?). “The FDR New Yorker cover that never ran”. 《The New Yorker》.

[FOOTNOTEBurns1970347–48-150] Burns 1970, 347–48?.

[FOOTNOTEAlter2006190-151] Alter 2006, 190?.

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[FOOTNOTETobin20134–7-153] Tobin 2013, 4–7?.

[FDR_Domestic_Affairs-154] ? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? ^? Leuchtenburg, William E. (2016? 10? 4?). “FDR: Domestic Affairs”. Univ. of Virginia Miller Center of Public Affairs. 2022? 1? 29?? ???.

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[kliptak1-157] Liptak, Kevin (2017? 4? 23?). “History of measuring presidents' first 100 days”. CNN. 2017? 10? 9?? ???.

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[FOOTNOTEHawley1995124-161] Hawley 1995, 124?.

[FOOTNOTESmith2007331–32-162] Smith 2007, 331–32?.

[FOOTNOTESmith2007346-163] Smith 2007, 346?.

[FOOTNOTESavage1991160-165] Savage 1991, 160?.

[FOOTNOTEFreidel1952–19734,_320–39-166] Freidel 1952–1973, 4, 320–39?.

[FOOTNOTEFreidel1952–19734,_448–52-167] Freidel 1952–1973, 4, 448–52?.

[FOOTNOTEDallek2017249-168] Dallek 2017, 249?.

[169] Hausman, Joshua K. (April 2016). “Fiscal Policy and Economic Recovery: The Case of the 1936 Veterans' Bonus” (PDF). 《American Economic Review》 106 (4): 1100–43. doi:10.1257/aer.20130957. 2014? 10? 31?? ?? ?? (PDF)?? ??? ??. 2014? 10? 22?? ???.

[FOOTNOTESmith2007349–51-170] Smith 2007, 349–51?.

[171] Social Security History. Ssa.gov. Retrieved July 14, 2013.

[FOOTNOTENorton2009670-172] Norton 2009, 670?.

[FOOTNOTESmith2007353-173] Smith 2007, 353?.

[FOOTNOTESmith2007353–56-174] Smith 2007, 353–56?.

[FOOTNOTEKennedy1999291-175] Kennedy 1999, 291?.

[176] Colin Gordon, New Deals: Business, Labor, and Politics in America, 1920–1935 (1994) p. 225

[FOOTNOTEBrands2009463–67-177] Brands 2009, 463–67?.

[FOOTNOTEFried2001120–23-178] ? ^? Fried 2001, 120–23?.

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[FOOTNOTEBurns1956226-180] Burns 1956, 226?.

[181] Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (1933). 《Looking forward》. John Day. 141?.

[FOOTNOTESmith2007364–66-182] Smith 2007, 364–66?.

[FOOTNOTESmith2007371–72-183] Smith 2007, 371–72?.

[FOOTNOTESmith2007360–61-184] Smith 2007, 360–61?.

[FOOTNOTESmith2007366-185] Smith 2007, 366?.

[FOOTNOTEBurns1956284-187] Burns 1956, 284?.

[FOOTNOTESmith2007373–75-189] Smith 2007, 373–75?.

[190] Mary E. Stuckey (2015). 《Voting Deliberatively: FDR and the 1936 Presidential Campaign》. Penn State UP. 19?. ISBN 978-0-271-07192-3.

[191] Kalman, Laura (October 2005). “The Constitution, the Supreme Court, and the New Deal”. 《The American Historical Review》 110 (4): 1052–80. doi:10.1086/ahr.110.4.1052.

[FOOTNOTESmith2007379–82-192] Smith 2007, 379–82?.

[FOOTNOTEBurns1956312-193] Burns 1956, 312?.

[FOOTNOTESmith2007384–89-194] Smith 2007, 384–89?.

[leuch-196] Leuchtenburg, William E. (May 2005). “When Franklin Roosevelt Clashed with the Supreme Court – and Lost”. 《Smithsonian Magazine》. 2016? 3? 1?? ???.

[197] Leuchtenburg, E. (1996). The Supreme Court Reborn: The Constitutional Revolution in the Age of Roosevelt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-511131-1

[jblake1-198] Blake, John (2010? 12? 14?). “How FDR unleashed his Supreme Court 'scorpions'”. CNN. 2017? 10? 10?? ???.

[belknap-199] Belknap, Michal (2004). 《The Vinson Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy》. ABC-CLIO. 162–63?. ISBN 978-1-57607-201-1. 2016? 3? 3?? ???.

[FOOTNOTESmith2007390–91-200] Smith 2007, 390–91?.

[FOOTNOTESmith2007408–09-201] Smith 2007, 408–09?.

[FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg2015187–88-202] Leuchtenburg 2015, 187–88?.

[FOOTNOTEBurns1956320-205] Burns 1956, 320?.

[FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg1963262–63,_271–73-206] Leuchtenburg 1963, 262–63, 271–73?.

[FOOTNOTESmith2007440–41-207] Smith 2007, 440–41?.

[208] See also Edgar B. Nixon, ed. Franklin D. Roosevelt and Conservation, 1911-1945 (2 vol. 1957); vol 1 online; also see vol 2 online

[209] “FDR's Conservation Legacy (U.S. National Park Service)”. 《nps.gov》. 2021? 6? 28?? ???.

[:0-210] Leshy, John (2009). 〈FDR's Expansion of Our National Patrimony: A Model for Leadership〉. Woolner, David; Henderson, Henry L. 《FDR and the Environment》. Springer. 177–78?. ISBN 978-0-230-10067-1.

[America's_Idea-211] “The National Parks: America's Best Idea: History Episode 5: 1933–1945”. PBS. 2016? 4? 29?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2016? 4? 23?? ???.

[FOOTNOTEBrinkley2016170–86-212] Brinkley 2016, 170–86?.

[213] Maher, Neil M. (July 2002). “A New Deal Body Politic: Landscape, Labor, and the Civilian Conservation Corps” (PDF). 《Environmental History》 7 (3): 435–61. doi:10.2307/3985917. JSTOR 3985917. S2CID 144800756. 2016? 6? 2?? ?? ?? (PDF)?? ??? ??.

[214] Anna L. Riesch Owen, Conservation Under FDR (Praeger, 1983).

[margo1-215] Margo, Robert A. (Spring 1993). “Employment and Unemployment in the 1930s”. 《Journal of Economic Perspectives》 7 (2): 42–43. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.627.1613. doi:10.1257/jep.7.2.41. S2CID 26369842.

[Historical_Statistics_1976-217] ? ^? 《Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970》. The Bureau of the U.S. Census. 1976. Y457, Y493, F32?.

[218] “Presidents and Job Growth” (GIF). 《The New York Times》 (graphic). 2003? 7? 2?.

[219] 《Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970》. The Bureau of the U.S. Census. 1976. F31?.

[FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg1963203–10-220] Leuchtenburg 1963, 203–10?.

[FOOTNOTESmith2007341–43-221] Smith 2007, 341–43?.

[FOOTNOTEDoeneckeStoler200518-222] Doenecke & Stoler 2005, 18?.

[FOOTNOTEBurns1956254-223] Burns 1956, 254?.

[FOOTNOTEBurns1956255-224] Burns 1956, 255?.

[FOOTNOTESmith2007417–18-225] Smith 2007, 417–18?.

[FOOTNOTEBurns1956256-226] Burns 1956, 256?.

[FOOTNOTEDallek1995180-227] Dallek 1995, 180?.

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[latimes.com-358] ? ^? ^? Medoff, Rafael (2013? 4? 7?). “What FDR said about Jews in private”. 《Los Angeles Times》. 2022? 4? 16?? ???.

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[362] Glass, Andrew (2018? 7? 28?). “Holocaust eyewitness briefs FDR, July 28, 1943”. 《Politico》. 2022? 4? 16?? ???.

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[100mostinfluential-364] Appleby, Joyce; Brands, H.W.; Dallek, Robert; Fitzpatrick, Ellen; Goodwin, Doris Kearns; Gordon, John Steele; Kennedy, David M.; McDougall, Walter; Noll, Mark; Wood, Gordon S. (December 2006). “The 100 Most Influential Figures in American History”. 《The Atlantic》. 2017? 10? 13?? ???.

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[371] Greenstein, F I (2009). 《The Presidential Difference Leadership Style from FDR to Barack Obama》 3?. United Kingdom: Princeton University Press. 14?. ISBN 978-0-691-14383-5.

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[375] Leuchtenburg, William E. (2001), 《In the Shadow of FDR: From Harry Truman to George W. Bush》, Cornell University Press, 128, 178?, ISBN 978-0-8014-8737-8

[376] Leuchtenburg, pp. 208, 218, 226.

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v t e ???? D. ????
32? ?? ??? (1933–1945) 44? ?? ??? (1929–1932) ?? ??? (1913–1920) ??? ???? (1911–1913)
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